| BR Standard Class 8[1] | |
|---|---|
| 71000 Duke of Gloucester as preserved. Note the Caprotti valve gear. |
|
| Power type | Steam |
| Designer | Robert Riddles |
| Builder | BR Crewe Works |
| Build date | April 1954 |
| Total produced | 1 |
| Configuration | 4-6-2 (Pacific) |
| UIC classification | 2'C1'h3 |
| Gauge | 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) |
| Leading wheel diameter |
3 ft 0 in (0.914 m) |
| Driver diameter | 6 ft 2 in (1.880 m) |
| Trailing wheel diameter |
3 ft 3 1⁄2 in (1.003 m) |
| Length | 67 ft 8 in (20.62 m) |
| Width | 9 ft 0 in (2.74 m) |
| Height | 13 ft ½ in (3.98 m) |
| Axle load | 22.00 long tons (22.35 t) |
| Weight on drivers | 66.00 long tons (67.06 t) |
| Locomotive weight | 101.25 long tons (102.87 t) |
| Tender weight | BR1E: 55.50 long tons (56.39 t) BR1J: 53.70 long tons (54.56 t) |
| Tender type | 1954–1958: BR1E 1958–1962: BR1J |
| Fuel type | Coal |
| Fuel capacity | 10 long tons (10 t) |
| Water capacity | BR1E: 4,725 imp gal (21,480 l; 5,674 US gal) BR1J: 4,325 imp gal (19,660 l; 5,194 US gal) |
| Boiler | BR13 |
| Boiler pressure | 250 psi (1.72 MPa) |
| Firegrate area | 48.6 sq ft (4.52 m2) |
| Heating surface: Tubes and flues |
2,264 sq ft (210.3 m2) |
| Heating surface: Firebox |
226 sq ft (21.0 m2) |
| Superheater area | 677 sq ft (62.9 m2) |
| Cylinders | Three |
| Cylinder size | 18 × 28 in (457 × 711 mm) |
| Tractive effort | 39,080 lbf (173.836 kN) |
| Factor of adhesion |
3.78 |
| Career | British Railways |
| Class | 8P |
| Number | 71000 |
| Locale | London Midland Region |
| Withdrawn | December 1962 |
| Disposition | Preserved |
The BR Standard Class 8 was a class of 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive designed by Robert Riddles for use by British Railways. Only the prototype was constructed, which was named Duke of Gloucester. Constructed at Crewe Works in 1954, the Duke, as it is popularly known, was a replacement for the destroyed Princess Royal Class locomotive number 46202 Princess Anne, which was involved in the Harrow and Wealdstone rail disaster of 1952.[2]
The Duke was based on the BR Standard Class 7 Britannia design. It incorporated three sets of modified Caprotti valve gear, relatively new to British locomotive engineering and more efficient than Walschaerts or Stephenson valve gear. The Duke was regarded as a failure by locomotive crews due to its poor steaming characteristics and its heavy fuel consumption. Trials undertaken by British Railways also returned negative feedback, reporting problems with the poor draughting of the locomotive which resulted in difficulty adhering to the timetables.
The result was an operational period of only eight years. This unique locomotive was saved from being scrapped at Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales when it was purchased by a group of railway enthusiasts who restored it from scrapyard to as-built condition in 13 years. Since then, modifications have been made to the original design, resulting in one of the most efficient and powerful steam locomotives ever to run in Britain.[3] As a result the Duke of Gloucester can frequently be seen on the mainline around Britain.
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Riddles had frequently argued the case for the inclusion of a Standard Class 8 Pacific into the standard range of locomotives being introduced by British Railways. However, these proposals were rejected by the Railway Executive on the grounds of cost in attempting to develop a form of steam motive power that was not necessarily required for use on Britain's railways, as there were enough class 8 locomotives already available for use. However, opportunity came out of adversity when the short-lived rebuild of the The Turbomotive, 46202 Princess Anne, was destroyed in the Harrow and Wealdstone rail disaster of 1952.[2] A gap now existed in the roster for locomotives with 8P power classification, of which the demand was high for the efficient operation of heavy expresses on the West Coast Main Line between London Euston and Scotland.[4] This presented Riddles with the perfect opportunity to press the case for his new design, a prototype of which was duly authorised for construction.[5]
At first, Riddles wished to develop an enlarged version of his Standard Class 7 Britannias, as the design still featured a two-cylinder layout.[1] However, the size of the cylinders in order to achieve the 8P power classification would have put the design over the British loading gauge limit and so a reluctant reversion to the three-cylinder layout ensued.[2] This reluctance was born from experience with the Gresley Pacifics, whose conjugated valve gear was difficult to maintain due to the location of the middle cylinder between the frames.[1] Therefore, an alternative type of valve gear had to be found.
The valve gear that was settled upon was a modified form of Caprotti valve gear, the novel rotary cam-driven British Caprotti valve gear with poppet valves.[6] This was based on Italian locomotive practice and allowed precise control of steam admission to the cylinders while improving exhaust flow and boiler draughting characteristics when compared to the more conventional Walschaerts and Stephenson valve gear.[6] On paper this created a free-steaming, hard-working locomotive capable of hauling heavy loads over long distances but, in practice, fundamental design errors and undetected deviations from the drawings were made during construction, which combined to prevent the locomotive from achieving its expected performance during British Railways ownership.[7]
The main problem was known even when the locomotive was under construction, as Mr. L.T. Daniels, the representative of the British Caprotti company, recommended the use of the Kylchap blastpipe, which could have coped with the fierce exhaust blasts experienced with the Caprotti system.[1] A standard double chimney of the Swindon type had already been fabricated in order to cut costs and it had been installed in the smokebox before Riddles could do anything about it.[1] As a result, the locomotive suffered due to the choke area of both chimney and blastpipe being much too small for the pressure created by the exhaust, leading to poor draughting.[8] Further problems regarding the firebox of the locomotive were only discovered during restoration, including a poorly dimensioned ashpan and dampers that were again too small, strangling the fire of air when operating at speed.[9]
Following experience of occasional cracks appearing near the spring brackets of the Britannias and Clans, a substantial rearrangement took place in this area that resulted in the locomotive riding on three cast steel "sub-frames" carrying the ten front-most spring brackets and lengthened spring brackets behind the rear driven axle. (Perhaps remarkably, these were not integrated into a cast combined sub-frame/pony truck pivot stretcher, the pony truck pivot stretcher being a fabrication.) Had the planned batch of further smaller Pacifics been built, they would have been fitted with this arrangement.[10]
The opportunity to create an entire batch of locomotives within the 8P category was declined by the Railway Executive. This was because the design process had been highly expensive and complex, so that when the locomotive emerged from Crewe Works in 1954, such thoughts had to be precluded, especially with the advent of the 1955 Modernisation Plan.[9] As a result 71000 remained the solitary member of a proposed class of Standard 8P locomotives.
Upon emerging from Crewe Works in 1954, the locomotive was named Duke of Gloucester prior to entering revenue-earning service. Had further locomotives been constructed, they would have belonged to the Duke Class, standing alongside the sister locomotives of the Britannia and Clan Classes. Since then, the locomotive has colloquially been referred to by steam enthusiasts and crews as the Duke.
The Duke was highly unpopular with crews, who regarded it as something of a liability due to its poor steam production.[1] Inefficiencies caused by the aforementioned problems regarding the draughting abilities and firebox design meant that no further examples were constructed.[11] The fact that no effort was made to rectify these problems indicates the change in policy regarding steam locomotives, with the Modernisation Plan entering circulation as the "Duke" entered service.[1] Based for its entire working life at Crewe North depot, the locomotive was utilised in hauling boat trains on the undemanding North Wales Coast Line between Crewe and Holyhead.[1] All of this culminated in the locomotive having a short service life of only eight years, being withdrawn from service in 1962.[2] The reputation of the locomotive amongst its crews as being a poor steamer was eventually to disappear – but only after it was rescued from the scrapyard during 1974.
The livery of the "Duke" was a continuation of the British Railways standard class practice. The class was given the power classification 8P.[12] Following on from the 'Britannias', the "Duke" was numbered under the British Railways standard numbering system in the 71xxx series.[13] The "Duke" was given the number 71000, and featured brass nameplates with a black background, located on the smoke deflectors.[14]
After withdrawal, the "Duke" was initially selected for the National Collection, though it was later decided that only the cylinder arrangement was of interest.[2] One of the outside cylinders was removed for display at the Science Museum; the other was removed to restore balance in readiness for scrapping. The locomotive was purchased by Dai Woodham, though it was initially sent to the wrong scrapyard. After retrieval, the "Duke" languished for many years in Woodham Brothers scrapyard at Barry Island, South Wales, before enthusiasts purchased the locomotive in 1974, forming the Duke of Gloucester Steam Locomotive Trust.[15] Restoration began in earnest, though with many components missing, the most expensive of which being the Caprotti valve gear, it took 13 years of effort on the part of enthusiasts, with assistance in the guise of sponsorships from industry, to return the locomotive to near as-built condition. One of the very few compromises made was replacing the previous steel cylinders with spheroidal graphite iron.[15]
Two significant construction errors were discovered during restoration:
These errors were corrected and the opportunity taken to incorporate some other improvements, including the previously recommended Kylchap exhaust system, which has finally unlocked the locomotive's true potential as a powerful express passenger locomotive.[1] When the "Duke" was first allowed to haul a full load on the main line, it became immediately obvious that the boiler was now producing steam at a more efficient rate and that the re-born "Duke" was unrecognisable from the failure that was experienced under British Railways ownership[3] With these modifications, the "Duke" is now one of the most powerful steam locomotive ever to run on Britain's railways, past or present (the LMS Coronation Class Pacifics held that title under British Railways auspices). The "Duke" never actually achieved the 3000 cylinder horse power figure that was recorded by the Princess Coronation Class); ironically, it is now more powerful than the English Electric Type 4 diesel locomotives which replaced it in service.[1] The locomotive can now be regularly seen hauling enthusiasts' special trains around the country.
In preservation, the "Duke" had held an impeccable operational record for reliability; however on 9 June 2007, the engine operated a railtour from Preston to Carlisle returning via Settle, where, for operational reasons, the locomotive's start position was changed to Carnforth.[18] Little over 30 miles (48 km) into the journey, the locomotive was stopped at Penrith with leaking tubes in the firebox and removed from the train.[18] The engine was then withdrawn for overhaul before a return to service in January 2008.[18] As the locomotive now bears little mechanical resemblance to that which operated under British Railways, it has also been used as a test bed, incorporating several other modifications and innovations.[15] These are intended to investigate how much further the locomotive's performance can be enhanced, therefore raising speculation surrounding the capabilities of an entire batch of Standard class 8 "Pacifics" had history been different.[1]
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